In 1968, the Vietnamese national liberation forces launched a major assault on the United States and its allies. This is known as the Tết Offensive, and it – although militarily unsuccessful – politically broke the back of the US war. Four years before this war, General Giáp said of the US authorities, ‘They are no longer discussing whether they will lose or win, but when their defeat comes’. This was the attitude of Hồ Chí Minh, which is clear in the various speeches and writings from 1964 onward [Document 46].

That attitude defined Hồ Chí Minh’s last years. During the worst of the US bombing of the northern part of Vietnam, Hồ Chí Minh went on a tour of air defences. He was already in his late 70s. His comrades asked after his health. ‘Bring down more US aircraft,’ he said, ‘and I’ll be in the best of health.’ Hồ Chí Minh died in 1969 before his country was free, but he already knew the inevitable.

Selected Hồ Chí Minh by Vijay Prashad